Testimony Definition Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2314 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? When individuals either witness or are a victim of crime they may be required to give evidence in court. This can involve recounting events that took place or identifying a suspect from an identity parade. Evidence presented in a trial contributes to a judge or jury deciding whether an individual is innocent or guilty and if the information provided by the eyewitness is incorrect then innocent people may be found guilty or guilty people may go free (Loftus, 1986). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Testimony Definition Example For Free" essay for you Create order With DNA testing, many individuals initially identified by eyewitnesses as being the perpetrator have subsequently been found to be innocent (Wells and Olson, 2003). Therefore, it is important that eyewitness testimony presented in court is accurate. The following essay will present research that has investigated why eyewitness testimony can be inaccurate and may consequently not be relevant in a court case. The essay will also consider whether children are accurate and reliable eye witnesses. Reconstructive Memory and Schemas When individuals observe an unusual event, such as a crime, their memory is often affected by their mental schemata, which involves prior knowledge and factors such as cultural background and values, and not solely information from the event. If there are gaps in peoples understanding of an incident they can reconstruct their memories so that they can make sense of them. The notion of reconstructive memory was proposed by Bartlett (1932, cited in Toglia, 2007, pp.240-241). Witnesses memories may be influenced by events that occur after the crime, for example, information from news reports in the media or other witnesses talking immediately after the event about what they saw or heard. This is relevant in particular to witnesses who observe one part of an event who then incorporate such information to elaborate and reconstruct their own memories. Toglia (2007) states that this is known as the misinformation effect and also source misattribution, which occurs when witnesses are unabl e to remember where the information originated from and they are then seen as being unreliable and not relevant to the court procedure. In their 1974 study, Loftus and Palmer found that the wording of questions affected the recall of witness. Participants watched a film of a car accident and were then asked to write a brief summary of what they had seen. They were then were asked questions about the accident using different verbs to describe the accident such as, how fast were the cars going when they smashed/hit/bumped each other? (Loftus and Palmer, 1974, p.586). The different words implied that the car was travelling at different speeds with some words implying a faster speed than other words. It was found that there was a 9 mile per hour difference between the slowest and fasted estimated speeds of the cars made by the participants. One week later, the participants returned and were asked further questions including did you see any broken glass and, depending on the verb used in the original question, the faster the car was perceived to be travelling, the more participants reported seeing broken glass, even though there was no glass in the film (Loftus and Palmer, 1974, p.587). The study supports Bartlett and the way in which witnesses can reconstruct their memories with their previous knowledge. In a similar study, Loftus and Zanni (1975) reported that more participants said they had seen the broken headlight, rather than participants who were asked if they had seen a broken headlight, even there was no broken headlight in the film. However, both studies were undertaken in a laboratory environment and involved participants watching films, therefore it may not be possible to generalise the findings to the way witnesses respond when witnessing real-life accidents. The studies show the importance of the way in which language can alter perceptions or memories of an event. This has been addressed by introducing a cognitive interview technique which Fisher, Geiselman and Raymond (1987) suggest avoids influencing the answers given by witnesses. If a car was travelling fast and was involved in an accident, it would be expected that there would be glass or a broken headlight, even though the witnesses (participants) did not see any in the film scenario. Individuals use their schemas to explain what happens in certain situations for example, how a burglar behaves or what type of objects would be present in a specific context, for example, the layout inside a bank or restaurant. Therefore, if something unusual is seen Loftus, Loftus and Messo (1987) argue that a witness will pay more attention to the unusual object. This has been found to be the case for crimes where weapons are involved. Participants in the Loftus et al. study were shown a series of slides of a crime in a fast-food restaurant where a customer either pointed a gun or a cheque at the cashier. It was found that there were more eye fixations on the gun than the cheque. In a second study, it was found that participants memory for events was poorer in the weapon scenario than in the cheque condition which according to Loftus et al. (1987) emphasises the focus on weapons. The Effect of Stress on Witnesses. Observing a weapon in a crime may cause a witness considerable stress and this may have an effect on their ability to accurately remember details. This has been demonstrated by Clifford and Scott (1978) in a study that involved participants watching a film of a violent attack and a control group that watched a less violent version of the film. It was found that participants who watched the violent film remember fewer details than the control group. As the study was conducted in a laboratory, it is possible that the stress experienced by witnesses to violent events is greater in real-life crime and therefore, suggests that accurate recall may be impaired. A review of the literature undertaken by Deffenbacher, Bornstein, Penrod and McGorty (2004) undertook a review of studies that investigated the effects of stress on eye witnesses and found support for the negative effects of stress on accurate recall. Stress was notably higher, for example, if suspect was present in a line-up in co mparison to the suspect being absent. A number of studies have attempted to induce stress-related scenarios to study the effects on participants as witnesses, although it could be suggested that this is unethical as it may cause the participants psychological harm. However, in a study with real-life witnesses who had been present during a robbery at gun shop where the perpetrator was shot dead, Yuille and Cutshall (1986) argue that stress may not have an adverse effect on memory and eyewitness testimony. The witness in the gun shop event had very accurate and clear memories of the event, which endured over a period of 5 months. Intergroup Bias Another factor that may influence the accurate memory of a crime in intergroup bias. Lindholm and Christianson (1998) found that the eyewitness testimony of Swedish students taking part in a mock crime scenario involving an armed robbery was influenced by whether the perpetrator was Swedish (in-group perpetrator) or an immigrant (out-group perpetrator). The participants in the study were both immigrant and Swedish students and when both groups were shown the film and asked to identify the perpetrator in a line-up afterwards the majority incorrectly identified an innocent immigrant. Both groups of participants typically identified an innocent perpetrator who was ethnically dissimilar more often than an innocent Swede. The study appears to show that witnesses can be influenced by biases and expectations regarding the type of person who is more likely to commit a certain type of crime. However, because the study involves a mock crime scenario it lacks the emotional aspects of a real c rime and witnesses may not have the same biases they demonstrate in a laboratory task. Loftus (1986) reports that in cross-racial identification by eyewitness, individuals are less accurate at identifying a member of a different ethnic group or culture than identifying features of a persons own race. Such findings would appear to be particularly relevant in contemporary, multi-racial society in the UK, and other countries. Alderson (2010) reports that the majority of men held for violent and sexual crimes in inner city London between 2009 and 2010 were black, however, black men have also been found to constitute the greatest number of victims of crime (e.g. 29% male victims of gun crimes, 24% of knife crimes). This can lead to the stereotyping of certain groups such as black men being responsible for violent actions in comparison to white men as found by Duncan (1976). Children as Eye-Witnesses There have been some concerns expressed regarding the relevance and reliability of children as witnesses. There may also be concerns about older people as West and Stone (2013) for example, report that young adults are more accurate in their recall as witnesses than older adults. Children who appear as witnesses in a court case may have been exposed to very stressful events such as sexual or physical abuse, which would be unethical to replicate in laboratory conditions. According to Bidrose and Goodman (2000), childhood sexual abuse is additionally accompanied by feelings of shame as well as a lack of emotional support because of the secrecy that surrounds such events. In a study undertaken by Bidrose and Goodman, they investigated the testimony given by four female children aged between 8 and 15 years, in a sexual abuse case in New Zealand and also assessed the level of support regarding the allegations. The findings showed that there was a high degree of support for the childrens allegations which was matched to audiotapes and photos of the abuse (Bidrose and Goodman, 2000). The real-life study indicates that childrens testimony can be highly accurate although the children in the study were older and younger children may not be able to articulate what happened to them in cases of abuse. KrÃÆ'Â ¤henbÃÆ'Â ¼hl, Blades and Eiser (2009) conducted a study with 156 children aged between 4 and 9 years to investigate the effects of repeating questions several times in an interview situation as a witness. The children watched a staged event and were asked eight open-ended questions, each of which was repeated 4 times. Some questions could be answered from watching the scenario although others could not, and it was expected that the children would say that they did not know the answer. The children returned again after one week. It was found that for over 25% of children there was a decline in accuracy which was greatest after the first repetition of questions. There was little change with the questions that could be answered but considerable decline in accuracy with those questions with no accurate answers. KrÃÆ'Â ¤henbÃÆ'Â ¼hl et al. (2009) concluded that if there is considerable repetition of questions with child witnesses, the accuracy of responses changes significantly and that if children cannot answer a question, they are more likely to fabricate answers with repeated questioning. Conclusion The evidence presented indicates that there are a number of problems around the issue of eyewitness testimony although it would appear that research has attempted to address some of the problems. This means that eyewitness testimony should be considered a valuable and relevant part of court procedure. Avoiding leading questions (Loftus and Palmer, 1974) and the introduction of the cognitive interview technique (Fisher et al. 1987) have helped to contribute to the more accurate recall of witnesses. Some problems are less easy to address, such as the stress experienced at a crime scene which may negatively affect recall although, Yuille and Cutshall (1986) have argued that in real-life witnesses are able to recall stressful events accurately. Similarly, intergroup biases are difficult issues to address in particular the perceptions of black people and their relationship with crime. Children as witnesses has a more positive outcome as their recall has been shown to be accurate (Bidros e and Goodman, 2000). A further problem is that of the methodology used when researching eyewitness testimony which is predominately undertaken in a laboratory and may not be generalisable to real-life situations. References Alderson, A. (2010). Violent inner-city crime, the figures, and a question of race. The Telegraph Newspaper, Retrieved on 5/10/2015 from; https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/7856787/Violent-inner-city-crime-the-figures-and-a-question-of-race.html. Bidrose, S. and Goodman, G.S. (2000). Testimony and evidence: A scientific case study of memory for child sexual abuse. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 197-213. Clifford, B.R. and Scott, J. (1978). Individual and situational factors in eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 352-359. Deffenbacher, K.A., Bornstein, B.H., Penrod, S.D. and McGorty, E.K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 28(6), 687-706. Duncan, S.L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: testing the lower limits of stereotyping of blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598. Fisher, R.P., Geiselman, R.E . and Raymond, D.S. (1987). Critical analysis of police interviewing techniques. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15, 177-185. KrÃÆ'Â ¤henbÃÆ'Â ¼hl, S., Blades, M. and Eiser, C. (2009). The effects of repeated questioning on childrens accuracy and consistency in eyewitness testimony. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14(2), 263-278. Linholm, T. and Christianson, S.A. (1998). Intergroup biases and eyewitness testimony. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(6), 710-723. Loftus, E.F. and Palmer, J.C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589. Loftus, E.F. (1986). Experimental psychologist as advocate or impartial educator. Law and Human Behavior, 10(1/2), 63-78. Loftus, E.F. and Zanni, G. (1975). Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the wording of a question. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 86-88. Loftus, E.F., Loftus , G.R. and Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about weapon focus. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 55-62 Toglia, M.P. (2007). Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Wells, G.L. and Olson, E.A. (2003). Eyewitness testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 277-295. West, R.L. and Stone, K.R. (2013). Age differences in eyewitness memory for a realistic event. Journals of Gerontology, Series B, 69(3), 338- 347. Yuille, J.C. and Cutshall, J.L. (1986). A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 291-301.

The Department Of Homeland Security Supplies A National...

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The National Plan references PPD-21, Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience, issued in February of 2013. This directive is the explicit call for the National Plan. Also issued was Executive Order 13636: Critical infrastructure Cybersecurity that calls for the coordination between critical infrastructure owners and the Federal Government. These coordinated efforts to secure national infrastructure fall in line with PPD-8, National Preparedness. Governmental support of public and privately owned infrastructure productsShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Homeland Security And Homeland Defense1261 Words   |  6 Pagesthreats and evolving hazards. 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Sales and Distribution Channels-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Describe the key success factors for the strategies that were implemented in the case study.2.Explain the likely challenges associated with the logistics management strategies applied to create solutions in this case.3.Describe the strategies that should be implemented to maintain the results that have been realised. Answers: 1.Nutrabolt required faster methods of processing the orders faster and in a more efficient method. In addition to that, the company also required to manage the volume swings more economically. The entire situation demanded implementing strategies that help the organization to enhance the distribution channels and the existing management as well. The key success factors of the strategies that have been implemented by Kane in the sales and distribution channels of Nutrabolt are: Kane has worked in an efficient way to manage the multi distribution channels. Nutrabolt already had five war houses in its US distribution channels where two of the war houses were in Salt Lake City and in Atlanta. Previously, Nutrabolt had used both of these war houses for their distribution to the consumers, retail chains and the other distributors. Kane has designed all these facilities in a way that all of the war houses could utilize a single inventory pool for handling the case, pallet and each pick requirements along with the replenishing products for all the distribution channels. In this way, all the products of the company will be available for the first come, first serve basis for any distributor, rather than preserving the products for few individual channels. Therefore, it would be easier for the distributors to access the products according to their requirement. Furthermore, more products will reach the customers. Kane has also implemented that all the products of Nutrabolt will be kept in a place within the temperature 58F to 75F and the entire inventory will be managed through strict FIFO protocols with the capability of tracking the products with the lot numbers and there will be expiring date tracking system as well. In this way the organization will be able to track the products which are required to remove from the distribution channel. Other than that, the organization will also be able to track if there is any batch missing, therefore it will be easier to track if there is any unusual doings with the products. Therefore the organization could track its products more effectively. It had also improved the level of accuracy in terms of the errors made in inventory. Kane also uses Manhattan Scale which is a leading management system, mostly used by all the renowned companies for managing the inventory of Nutrabolt. In this way, they make the retail supply chain of the organization more efficient and ensure that the organization is in compliance with the routing guides of the retailers. Along with that, utilizing the management system has reduced the cost of labor to a great extent. Using these strategies, Kane has improved the sales and distribution channels and reduced the costs in few usual sectors to a great extent. 2.After the implementation of the strategies, there may still be few challenges for the organization. Nutrabelt and Kane both the organization should be well aware of the possible challenges that can come their way in the future. Those are: Fail of Technology Kane has implemented more advanced technologies in the logistics management system of Nutrabolt. It has been done due to the reduction of the cost of the labor and making the entire management stricter so that they can track each of the products and there is no unusual act done with any of the products. However, they have to remind the technology can fail at any time. Therefore, the company requires keeping a huge back up for the logistics management system. It is very much significant to back up the data and have a plan for recovering from any system failure. Conflict amongst the employees Kane has merged the multi channeled distribution of the nutrition supplements and started replenishing all the products in a same inventory pool. This is indeed a positive step towards handling the facilities in a more efficient way; however, there can be a big challenge of managing all the employees in a same place. There are supervisors from different inventories who are going to work at the same place from now one, therefore they may face trouble working with each other and there may be conflict of ego amongst them. Moreover they may also have conflict of decisions regarding the distribution channels as well. Therefore, the organization requires looking into this matter carefully. Increased cost for implementing the technology Kane has planned to implement strict technologies within the inventories and the transportation system. Implementing such technologies may reduce the cost of labor and may improve the accuracy of the system to a great extent, but the cost of technology may be higher at the initial stage. Purchasing the operating system and implementing it successfully may take a toll on the organization. Training and development for the employees Before the organization implements the technology in the inventories, it requires training and developing its employees so that they can handle the management system in an efficient way. Therefore, the organization also requires spending adequate money for the professional development as well, so that the employees can address the potential challenges after the implementation. Scheduling success Allocating the technological resources is one of the biggest challenges that the organization can face after the implementation. Initially the technological system may result into success but it may not provide the desired success after a point of time. Therefore the organization requires having a definite and distinct backup system. 3.After the implementation of the technologies, the organization should also bring new strategies for retaining profits from the implementation. The possible strategies that could be implemented are: Clarify the issues that the technology will help tackling the organization The organization should get all its employees onboard after the implementation of technology. The organization should conduct meetings and make sure that the employees are capable enough to handle the technological innovations and they are agreeing to it. There should be a thorough mapping of the existing procedure and where the risk lies. Before implementation the organization should also inform how the technology can mitigate the possible risks as well. Building the consensus The managerial, professional and administrative consensus should be built after the implementation of the technology. This involves considering where should the changes can be implemented and where exactly to focus. Several times, most of the companies, lack the balance between the creation of the strategies and the implementation as they so not build the consensus throughout the organization, rather they only consult the senior management. This may cause a huge problem for the organization later. Therefore this necessary thing should be done right after the implementation. Considering the opinions of the employees The opinions of the employees are very much valuable in this situation because they are the ones who are going to work with the technological system. Therefore the organization should take regular feedback after certain point of time. Not only that, the senior management should consider the opinions to find out if there is any such hassles that the employees are facing with the technological implementation. Evaluate the progress The organization should always evaluate the progress after the implementation. Even if the theoretical version of any technology seems to be perfect, in reality, there are times when the implementation can fail immensely. Therefore there should be continuous process of evaluation which will let the management know whether the implementation is mitigating the risks or it is enhancing it. Measure the implementation There are times when the organization may not be able to measure the after effects, however other than this process; the organization will not be able to continue with the implementation. Bibliography Abdullah, R., Daud, M., Ahmad, F. and Shukti, A., 2016. Green Logistics Adoption among 3PL Companies.International Journal of Supply Chain Management,5(3), pp.82-85. Abdulrahman, M.D., Gunasekaran, A. and Subramanian, N., 2014. Critical barriers in implementing reverse logistics in the Chinese manufacturing sectors.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.460-471. Bouzon, M., Govindan, K. and Rodriguez, C.M.T., 2017. Evaluating barriers for reverse logistics implementation under a multiple stakeholders perspective analysis using grey decision making approach.Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Chinda, T., 2017. Examination of factors influencing the successful implementation of reverse logistics in the construction industry: pilot study.Procedia Engineering,182, pp.99-105. Diabat, A., Khreishah, A., Kannan, G., Panikar, V. and Gunasekaran, A., 2013. Benchmarking the interactions among barriers in third-party logistics implementation: An ISM approach.Benchmarking: An International Journal,20(6), pp.805-824. Myerson, P., 2012.Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Prakash, C., Barua, M.K. and Pandya, K.V., 2015. Barriers analysis for reverse logistics implementation in Indian electronics industry using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,189, pp.91-102. Stock, J.R., 1998. Development and implementation of reverse logistics programs. InANNUAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, COUNCIL OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT.-- Vijayaraman, B.S. and Osyk, B.A., 2006. An empirical study of RFID implementation in the warehousing industry.The International Journal of Logistics Management,17(1), pp.6-20. Ye, F., Zhao, X., Prahinski, C. and Li, Y., 2013. The impact of institutional pressures, top managers' posture and reverse logistics on performanceEvidence from China.International Journal of Production Economics,143(1), pp.132-143.

Of Mice And Men Essays (242 words) - English-language Films

Of Mice And Men OF MICE AND MEN George and Lennie There are two main characters, George and Lennie. Lennie is a massive man with incredible strength but has a child's mind. George is a fairly sized man who is not incredibly brilliant but has good common sense. What one man lacks, the other makes up for. It is a perfect example of how opposites attract. They are a perfect match, and that is why they have a truly great friendship. Although, no matter how much he tries, George cannot make up for the huge gap in Lennies mind. Lennie is so childish it is hard to believe, for example when he sees things he wants to grab and touch them. Throughout the book, the stress of Lennie's retardation begins to weigh down on George. Because of Lennie, they are nomads. Wherever they go, Lennie gets them in trouble. At there last location in a town named Weed, Lennie grabbed a young girls dress to feel it and soon scared the woman with his overwhelming strength. On to the next ranch they went, this time it just gets worse. In one confrontation with th e boss's wife, things go terribly wrong. Lennie knows he is not supposed to talk to her, but he was trapped. As Lennie tried to wiggle out of her grip, is when things turned from bad to worse, but no one was going to understand Lennie like George was. Bibliography nice English Essays

PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT essays

PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT essays a) Describe 2 studies of perceptual development (12 marks). b) Assess the way in which such studies help to explain the development of perception (12 marks). In the following essay I intend to describe two studies of perceptual development. I then intend to assess such studies and how they help to explain the development of perception. By perceptual development, I mean how animals and humans alike develop their seeing capabilities. This development of perception could be learnt or innate. By innate, I mean to be born with the ability. a) Gibson and Walk conducted a study in 1960. The study was investigating Depth Perception. The study involved a 6-month-old child, 24-hour-old chicks, kids and lambs. Gibson and Walk used a 'Visual Cliff' to conduct the study. The 'Visual Cliff' was comprised of 2 floors. On one side there was a check-board pattern, on the other side there is glass floor. Below the glass floor there was another floor with check-board pattern. This was placed so that an illusion of a cliff and depth was created. At first the child was placed and was found to be reluctant to go onto the glass. The child's reluctance could be seen as even with encouragement from the child's mother, the child refused to go onto the glass. The study was continued on chicks, kids and lambs. All subjects studied refused to go onto the glass. Held and Hein conducted a study in 1965. The study was investigating Depth Perception. The study involved two kittens. The kittens were kept in the dark for a period of eight weeks since their birth and for three hours per day they were kept in a 'Kitten Carousel'. The kittens were given appropriate name. 'Passive Kitten' and Active Kitten' were their names. The Active Kitten was given the ability to move freely at it's own discretion, during the eight weeks. The Passive Kitten was unable to move freely during the eight weeks. Both Kittens were released into the l ...

Using the French Expression Grâce àCorrectly

Using the French Expression Grà ¢ce Correctly The French expression grà ¢ce (pronounced grah sa) is a common phrase that people use to give credit to someone or something for a positive event or outcome. It is the rough equivalent in English of the phrase thanks to. Examples Like most French grammar youll use, grà ¢ce   is spoken in the normal  register, meaning its used in everyday conversation, neither formal nor informal in tone. You may find yourself saying in any number of situations, such as these:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce mon mari, jai une idà ©e pour un livre.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to my husband, I have an idea for a book.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce ton assistance, il a fini le travail.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to your help, he finished the work.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce Dieu!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thank God! Variations You can also modify this phrase to say its thanks to... by placing the word  cest in front of grà ¢ce :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sil a rà ©ussi lexamen, cest grà ¢ce toi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  If he passed the test, its all thanks to you.Remember that followed by the definite article le or les must contract:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest grà ¢ce au centre de loisirs que je sais utiliser Facebook.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its thanks to the leisure center that I know how to use Facebook.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce aux conseils de Pierre, nous avons trouvà © la maison parfaite.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to Pierres advice, we found the perfect house.Antonym: To blame someone or something for a negative event or situation, use the expression cause de.

Unit 9 db Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 9 db - Research Paper Example Therefore, to deal with such pitfalls, I would like to recommend that the manager should not have used a phone to communicate such an official message. Instead, he would have used an email, written a letter or insisted on face-to-face communication. This would give him an opportunity to formalize the communication or get a chance to engage Lei on a direct communication. Besides, I would like to recommend that Lei should have given out clear responses to the manager. She should not have merely stated her answers without explaining it. This confused the manager since he could not clearly understand her (Terry, 2008). Lastly, I would recommend that Lei should have not given an immediate response to the manager. Because this was a very sensitive matter, she should have taken time to synthesize the message and consult the relevant stakeholders before giving out a conclusive response (Argenti, 2009). If she could have done this, she would not have conflicted with the manager for bringing her the invoice for the new equipment whose purchase would be a costly affair for the

Shopping For Theoretical Perspectives at Wal-Mart Essay

Shopping For Theoretical Perspectives at Wal-Mart - Essay Example However, delving on Wal-Mart’s vision reveals its latent function of improving the well-being of consumers. A few centavo savings while seem so small and unnoticeable, may substantially accumulate in time and contribute to â€Å"the prosperity pool† (Kennon). Controlling the market, however, implies power over the consumers. Wal-Mart’s ability to decide what goods they sell appears to be a social dysfunction because of its discretion to discard locally produced services and goods (Preet). However, this dysfunction becomes itself a trigger for social change as it challenges the smaller stores and local producers to compete, thereby improving the quality of goods and services. Wal-Mart has likewise been viewed as implicating a class struggle. The lower, middle and higher classes maintain their status not because of the price factor but because of Wal-Mart’s control over their workers. If you try to examine the employees inside Wal-Mart, you cannot help but n otice the workers as the force that runs the entire establishment, yet outside you will hear how the company keeps them non-unionized. Low prices equate low wages for its employees, thus creating a continuous cycle of exploitation of the workforce, which in turn reinforces social inequalities. While Wal-Mart tapped into a fertile market for high profit—the poor (Heyer 2), it has simultaneously contributed to class conflict as the â€Å"poor gets poorer and the rich richer†Ã¢â‚¬â€the lower class being its source of low-wage manpower. It is, therefore, Wal-Mart’s social responsibility to improve conditions of employment and raise the level of social aid to the poor: starting with its workers. Ameliorating inequities begins with modifying its ways: welcoming unionization as a key to social change.  

Dorothy and the Tree Essay Example for Free

Dorothy and the Tree Essay Dorothy and the Tree: A Lesson in Epistemology Stanley Fish discusses how we in society base our lives off of assumptions. Using the example of Dorothy and the tree, Fish is able to show how with our assumptions, we as people categorize others and things into what we believe to be correct. Whether or not we have actually taken the time to figure out if we are right is irrelevant. He notes that we should just â€Å"keep trying to expand our sense of ‘us’ as far as we can†, so we can avoid judgments and isolating ourselves from the rest of society. Even though Dorothy realizes her mistake, she doesn’t realize that it is not a failure, but her consciousness assuming the classification of things in the world. Fish later on defines thought as the â€Å"structure that at once enables perception†, meaning that within categories things emerge, limiting perception and nothing can allow one to see everything because that is God’s job. Fish uses many Bible allusions to create justification for his assertions. He uses Genesis 1:26, and Paul’s road to Damascus to show that people can be persuaded to change their placement of things in society. Despite all of his valid points, Fish states that it is nearly impossible for one to change just on realizations. He believes it takes practice to accept the fact that there are things that we cannot comprehend because there is no limit on the conceptual trappings of society.

Admittedly Committred :: essays research papers

Admittedly Committed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All I could do was stand there and shiver. I don’t know if it was the fact that all I was wearing was a hospital gown and a pair of socks or if it was the fact that I was in a mental hospital. I was standing there, waiting to be put in a room for the night and I would be reassigned in the morning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Laying down on what felt like a stone with linens thrown on it wasn’t very comfortable at all. Sleep was the least of my worries at this point though; I was wondering how to stay warm. Looking around in the dark at my room, everything was bolted directly to the floor. The beds, dressers, and desks were made of cheap oak and the walls were cement covered in an inch and a half of squishy white padding. Inside this room with me lay two brothers, who I came to find out have been in this place for a very long time and weren’t leaving anytime soon. I didn’t want to be there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I awoke, the two brothers were playing some sort of fake soldier game and running around the room like animals and hitting each other with pillows. They couldn’t have been older than thirteen. It was very sad that people so young should ever need to be put in a place such as this. I introduced myself to them. One of the brothers, Beau, got on my nerves right from the start. He was a very annoying little boy. He spent most of his days in a corner in â€Å"time-out† because he was the one kid out of all of us who never listened and never stopped talking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sitting down in the discussion room after breakfast was very uncomfortable for me. I was the new kid and I didn’t like being looked at by these people. We were all in here for something, but none of us talked about it unless we were forced by the counselors in the room. These people were crazy. Running away seemed pea-sized in comparison to the other things these kids had done in here. There were kids with white stretchy bandages on their arms to cover up the cuts. Other kids just had like severe ADHD and were on high doses of Ritalin. There was this little boy named Tyler, he was the smallest, youngest boy there.

Valentine’s Day

With Valentine's Day approaching, I plan some cheer in the lives of college students. I prepare hundreds of love poems by the famous and the infamous on slips of paper to be tossed in a basket and passed around the classroom. And we share poems in April during National Poetry Month. Last December when we read â€Å"A Christmas Memory† by Truman Capote, I noted that not one student in class had ever tasted fruitcake. I made some and brought it in for a taste test (ingredient list on BB to avoid any allergies). My students always know the homework and what is expected, but I like to bring in the unexpected. They know that for me â€Å"education should be fun BUT education is never a joke.† I grew up in dreadful Appalachian poverty, the only one in a large extended family to attend college. My students know the story. If a person works hard, most of life works out and brings rewards. I demand that they work hard. I have been teaching for almost 40 years. I am not shy about calling a student into my office and using the â€Å"metaphorical stick† to say: you are brilliant. Why are you so casual about your studies? I receive emails or letters from students to let me know how life worked out for them. One of the young men whom I had reprimanded in my office for taking his studies too frivolously sent a note that he had just received his PH D and had accepted a position as a Superintendent of Schools in Connecticut. I have served on every committee and volunteer to mentor young faculty. I understand that at my age, they must say: she is still excited to enter the classroom after all these years. What is the secret? I have presented at both national and international conferences. About five years ago I began to question the value of our curriculum in developmental education. That led to much research, a chance meeting with Peter Adams of Community College of Baltimore who became my mentor. I knew that our administration and Trustees would not consider class sizes of eight (Peter's recommendation and practice) so I devised a triad system. Two classes of ENGL 101 (nine developmental students nestled into the 20 in each section). The two nines join later in the support class of eighteen. We have had phenomenal results in both retention and graduation. When the need arose recently for an Honors program, I stepped up to get that curriculum going. Students stop by my office to chat or to ask that I listen. When a student enters, I place everything aside and am â€Å"in that moment.† I have been voted Faculty of the Year twice by students and was presented with the Lindback Teaching Excellence Award. I look forward to every day with my students and with my colleagues in the community college.

Food Adulteration Essay

A) Adulterated food: a serious public health problem in Bangladesh Adulteration of food with toxic chemicals harmful to health has reached an epidemic proportion in Bangladesh. The newspapers have dubbed it as the ‘silent killer’. It is very difficult to find a sector of food industry which is free of adulteration. From raw vegetable and fruits to milk and milk products to fish, meat and processed food–every food item is contaminated. Almost every day in the news papers, newer and newer methods of adulterating newer and newer types of foods are reported. Carbide, formalin, textile colors, artificial sweeteners, DDT, urea etc. are used rampantly for this purpose. Contamination of foods with toxic chemicals pose a serious threat to public health, especially in a country like Bangladesh where due to poor health literacy, level of awareness is very low. Immediate effect of ingestion of such foods may be severe forms of diarrhoea (food poisoning), threatening life. Ironically, people from all walks of life is aware of the hazards of taking foods adulterated with toxic chemicals, but this knowledge is not translated into practice. There is no paucity of laws and regulations to contain adulteration of food in Bangladesh such as Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute (BSTI) Ordinance of 1985, and the Pure Food Ordinance of 2005. Under the purview of these rules come the following offences: fake licenses, poor quality of food, substandard infrastructure and lack of maintaining hygiene, food adulteration, food impurity, incorrect information on food packages, selling products whose date have expired etc.. B) GM Food in Bangladesh Bangladesh takes to GM food crops [DHAKA] Bangladesh has become the first South Asian country to approve commercial cultivation of a genetically modified (GM) food crop — brinjal (also known as eggplant or aubergine) spliced with a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis . On 28 October, Bangladesh’s National Committee on Biosafety (NBC) approved cultivation of four indigenous varieties of brinjal incorporating a gene from the B.thuringiensis (Bt) to make it resistant to attacks by the fruit and shoot borer (FSB), a common pest in South and Southeast Asia. â€Å"We will make seeds and distribute them among the farmers. Hopefully, the vegetables will be available in the market next year,† Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Mondal, director-general of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), tells SciDev. Net. According to BARI scientists, the Bt protein in GM brinjal disrupts the digestive systems of the FSB pests, causing them to die within three days of ingestion. The approval comes in the teeth of protests from a section of health, agriculture and environmental activists, accusing the government of ignoring the possibility of negative impacts on public health from consuming the GM version of a popular vegetable. http://www. scidev. net/south-asia/agriculture/news/bangladesh-takes-to-gm-food-crops. html ?Who should and can be held accountable for uncontrolled food adulteration in Bangladesh. ?What are the main ethical issues of massive food adulteration in Bangladesh? ?What are the corruption interfaces of uncontrolled food adulteration in Bangladesh What are the ethical issues related to unbridled rise of GM food in Bangladesh and how government can play role to face the challenge rising GM food in relation to of food security and food safety? ?How best ethical practices of the civil servants can play vital role to curb food adulteration and meet the challenge of GM food. Please write down a comprehensive essay of about 1250 words (Word ranges between 1125-1375) addressing the above questions in your own work. You c Instructions 1. Use your own thinking and ideas and learning from the course. 2. Should be hand written. 3. Use A4 size paper. With margin 1. 0 top and bottom margins; 1. 0 to 1. 25 left and right and about 100-150 words per page. Use both side of the paper. 4. Use Given assignment cover page format . 5. Do not any spiral binding and extra binding 6. Use at least 6 references from different scholarly books, articles, journals or other sources. 7. Standard apply to evaluation. 8. Follow standard referencing system. Individual Assignment: Structure and Content: 40% Language, Style, Logical Flow, Referencing: 20% Consistency and Relevance: 20% Analytical Capability: 20%.

Welcome to The Essay Experts MBA Admissions Blog!

Welcome to The Essay Experts MBA Admissions Blog! The Essay Expert looks forward to providing value to MBA and EMBA applicants in two major ways: 1) by offering MBA admissions consulting services and 2) by sharing interesting and useful information in our MBA Admissions Blog. This blog is a forum to discuss issues of concern to MBA and EMBA applicants. We look forward to sharing our take on a wide range of issues so that you will be poised for success as you enter the application process. Youll see many items here written by our newest and most senior admissions consultant, Larry Sochrin. Larry is one of the most experienced MBA admissions consultants in the business, having worked in this field for over 14 years. He holds an MBA from Wharton, and previously interviewed applicants to the school as an alumnus. A senior trainer, Larry has delivered seminars for groups of admissions consultants on topics ranging from interviewing to applying to international MBA schools. He has also given training seminars for prospective business school applicants, as well as for firms who offer admissions consulting support as an employee benefit. Larry has guided clients through several thousand MBA applications. He has answers to just about every possible question you might encounter as you go through the admissions process. Category:UncategorizedBy Brenda BernsteinNovember 17, 2011

Energy Infrastructure and Security U.S.

Energy Infrastructure and Security U.S. Today, the U.S. is the largest energy consumer and importer in the world. According to Klare, three factors play significant role in U.S. foreign policy: energy, environment and the world economy (2009, p. 48). As the country addicted to oil, the U.S. has to develop the new ways of its production and supply from the different regions; therefore, the U.S. foreign and military policies are driven by the increasing needs for oil.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Energy Infrastructure and Security U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The modern economy cannot develop without an appropriate supply of energy. Therefore, the international relations are directed by the problems of oil demands and its supply. According to Farrell et al., â€Å"the theme of energy infrastructure and security appears in more general studies of national security and warfare† (p. 3). The following steps had been taken by the U.S. gove rnment in order to secure energy facilities and supplies and global oil chokepoints around the world. An understanding of significance of energy supply caused the attempt to destroy the German and Japanese energy infrastructures during the World War II. As the country consumed about 1/3 of the total oil reserve during the World War II, the government had to find another sources. In 1945, President Roosevelt offered Saudi Arabia the help of the U.S. forces in return of the Saudi oil (Klare, 2008). During the Cold War, the major forces of the United States and the Soviet Union were focused on the nuclear energy system’s development. At the same period, both countries wanted to prevent a large-scale nuclear war. The government had to be ready to rebuild the economy after the possible damages. Thus, â€Å"many electricity generators were expected to survive an urban-focused strike, but transmission system were expected to be largely destroyed, as were petroleum refining and ship ping facilities† (Farrell et al., p. 3). In order to protect the energy infrastructure, the scientists developed measures which should be used in critical situation. Energy system as the most vulnerable sector had to be protected, including the protection of all infrastructural elements such as plants, storages, pipelines, etc. Production of the renewable energy sources and flexibility of energy shipment system had been considered as the most effective methods. According to Farrell et al., the energy security included the use of â€Å"cooling towers at electric power plants could conceivably be used in a deliberate attack as a means of dispersing biological or chemical agents† (p. 8). Besides, construction of the hydroelectric dams could help to store energy produces with the use of water power.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Possible damage of the use of large electromagnetic pulses (EMP) could â€Å"induce instantaneous voltages of hundreds of thousands of volts in conductors, creating very large disruptions in electric power systems and destroying electrical equipment components such as motors, backup generators, and microprocessors† (Farrell et al., p. 8). Clifton supposes that the danger of use of the electromagnetic pulses today and in the nearest future is significant (2011). Terrorists can use this method in order to destroy the facilities and energy infrastructure. EMP attack can include the detonation of a nuclear warhead; therefore, the US government develops the system of defence. However, it is obvious that the damage of use of the nuclear weapons cannot be predicted. In this situation, it is necessary to prevent and stop the possible creation and use of the nuclear energy as a weapon. Clifton cites the Center for Security Policy that indicates that â€Å"a dire warning that an EMP attack could kill nine out of ten Americans†. Obviously, such fears drive the foreign policy of the country. Today, as the world faces the problem of creation of the nuclear weapons by Iran, the US government claims about this danger in the United Nations. In order to prevent the large-scale conflict, the United States has to improve and strengthen its security infrastructure that was created in order to protect country during the Cold War. A member of Republican Party Cain says about such counter urgent threats as â€Å"stop Iran from developing nuclear weapons, fix border security – for real, shield us against Cyber and Electro-magnetic Pulse (EMP) attacks† (Clifton, 2011). Such threats are the part of his Foreign Policy National Security Pillars. One can notice that the US foreign policy towards Iran has to be developed. This issue is complicated and has a number of particular aspects that should be carefully investigated. According to the US Department of Energy, the nationa l energy infrastructure requires the use of modern technologies that should improve the current position (2001). There are various areas that should be improved such as protection of pipelines, oil refineries and energy transportation infrastructure. Obviously, the United States is the oil-dependent country and its foreign policy in the Middle East is motivated by the needs of the access to the local oil reserves. After the end of the Cold War, the U.S. foreign policy became concentrated on the Persian Gulf with its huge oil reserves. The military presence of the U.S. army is important measure that should help improve the process of democratic changes and prevent the disruption of oil sources. In the film Blood and Oil by Michael Klare the U.S. foreign policy is present as a simple search for oil no matter of the price, including the human lives. Klare says that after 1945, the U.S. foreign policy had been concentrated on the search of the access to the energy reserves around the wo rld (2009).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Energy Infrastructure and Security U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Obviously, the country had to provide an adequate energy supply to its industries and citizens; however, as the result, there was a problem of overvalue of fuels and underestimation of human life. The Middle East can be considered as the most important geographical region which, on one hand, can affect the U.S. security, as it happened on September 11, 2001, and, on the other hand, provides the possibility to get the energy reserves needed for the U.S. industries and daily life. When in 2003 the US government suspected Iraq of development of chemical weapons, the foreign policy consolidated its main forces in order to prevent possible threats and damage of use of this king of weapons. In fact, the main reason of this War was Iraqi oil reserves. According to Richardson, â€Å"most international t rade in goods – over 80% of the total – is carried by sea† (2007). US Department of Energy claimed that The Hormuz strait in the Middle East is the most important chokepoint. In order to protect national and commercial interests in this area, the US sends ships and naval forces to this region. In 2007, when the threats of Iran occurred, â€Å"US officials were seeking to tighten financial sanctions on Iran and were openly accusing Iranian paramilitary forces of siding with Shiite militia factions in Iraq to attack US troops† (Richardson, 2007). Two US aircrafts carriers and associated warships were sent to the region in order to control this area and prevent the danger of military conflict. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter claimed about the necessity to use the military forces in order to protect the access to Middle Eastern oil (Klare, 2009). In recent years, the foreign policy of the U.S. includes the revolutions and conflicts arisen in the Middle East. F or instance, after the revolution in Libya in 2011, the United States got an access to the Libyan oil reserves. The national Defense Council Foundation indicates that the overall money spent on oil-defence securities was 137 billion dollars in 2007, comparing to 50 billion dollars in 2002 (Klare, 2009). Man power is one of the steps that US takes in order to protect this territory. Today, the U.S. naval forces patrol and protect â€Å"about 2.5 million square miles of water, including the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Gulf of Oman and parts of the Indian Ocean† (Richardson, 2007). Together with other countries such as Pakistan, Singapore, Japan and European nations, the US forces control the Middle East oil reserves and the ways of its transportation. Checkpoint insecurity in the Middle East can lead to the serious problems and economical loss, therefore, the U.S. wants to improve the democratic situation in this region. In order to promote democracy abroad, the US sold iers provide common training programs with local military groups in Afghanistan and Iraq. At the same time, the presence of the U.S. forces in the region can guarantee that the influence of the U.S policy on the other countries’ governments will increase. The U.S. forces help other countries and, as the result, the United States get their support and gain allies. Cross-cultural training programs can increase the level of understanding of the current problems between local military forces, citizens and the US forces.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In return of the military help, the United States can get not only access to the oil reserves, but also the allies who will support the US policy on the international level. Although the presidential candidates discusses about the necessity of bringing home the U.S. military forces in Iraq, this oil-rich area is still used as the oil supplier. Thereby, the U.S. military forces provide training programs for the Iraqi soldiers, helping the local citizens to improve the protection measures. The U.S. Army uses the light and swift forces and the communicational facilities which help in the coordination. Besides, they use hundreds of aircrafts and satellite-mounted sensors. Iraq increased the oil production after the U.S. forces arrived to the country. According to the statistics of International Energy Agency, â€Å"crude oil production capacity in Iraq is set to increase by 1.87 million barrels per day (mb/d) between 2010 and 2016† (2011). However, at the same time, â€Å"warns of potential risks to this production increase in Iraq, notably the withdrawal of US troops and fears of escalating instability as insurgency bombing increases† (International Energy Agency, 2011). According to Cummins, the U.S. government has already committed 277 million dollars for energy infrastructure protection (2007). In fact, such programs are driven by the desire to control the present area and to protect the special access to the oil reserves by the U.S. Reference List Clifton, E. (2011). Far-Fetched EMP Doomsday Part of Cain And Gingrich Foreign Policy Platforms. Retrieved from lobelog.com/far-fetched-emp-doomsday-part-of-cain-and-gingrich-foreign-policy-platforms/ Cummins, C. (17 November, 2007). U.S. Digs In to Guard Iraq Oil Exports, Wall Street Journal, p. 7. Farrell, A. E., Zerriffi, H. Dowlatabadi, H. (2004). Energy Infrastructure and Security. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., vol. 29. Retrieved from green-erg.com/documents/Energy_Infra_security.pdf International Energy Agency. (2011). Iraq’s oil production capacity is forecast to increase sharply over next five years. Retrieved from iea.org/index_info.asp?ID=2335 Klare, M. T. (2008). Blood and Oil. Retrieved from bloodandoilmovie.com/download/Blood_and_Oil_EPK.pdf Klare, M. T. (2009). The New Foreign Policy Agenda: Energy, the Environment, and the Global Economy. In R. M. Lloyd (Ed.), William B. Ruger Chair of national Security Economics Papers, Number 4: American Foreign Policy: Regional Perspectives (pp. 47-54). US, Newport: Naval War College. Richardson, M. (2007). Asia’s Middle East Oil Dependence: Chokepoints on a Vital Maritime Supply Line. Retrieved from iseas.edu.sg/tr12007.pdf US Department of Energy. (2001). America’s Energy Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Delivery System. Retrieved from netl.doe.gov/publications/press/2001/nep/chapter7.pdf

War or Military Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

War or Military Conflict - Essay Example As the discussion stresses there was little discussion on the potential consequences to the environment, of destructive action by Saddam Hussein, if he went through with his threat to blow up the oil wells. This reveals how the potentially devastating impact of war on the environment and upon women are generally sidelined or accorded less importance in a war like situation, where the overriding concern becomes one of â€Å"national security†. From this discussion it is clear that the drive for power and territory can often be the major factor propelling countries into war. A state of war has continued in Sudan for many years now, exacerbated by religious and ethnic tensions in the region and the struggle for supremacy by each of these groups. In the case of the Iraq war, which was instigated by Saddam Hussein through his invasion of Kuwait, the underlying causal factors may have been â€Å"loss of oil share production† compared to other countries in the region with no economic aid and debt relief available from Iraq’s Arab neighbours. Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Iraq was therefore impelled by the motivation to gain a higher balance of power in the Middle East region. While it appears that the North-South referendum which is to take place may bring about autonomy for Darfur and a cessation of hostilities, there have undoubtedly been some unpleasant and damaging repercussions, both upon the environment as well as in terms of loss of human life and violation of human dignity. In the case of Iraq, the blowing up of the oil wells and the protracted war in Iraq have produced similar damaging repercussions on the environment and on women. This essay questions whether the ethical objectives of the Earth Charter in preservation of the environment and upholding human rights are being sustained and if not, what measures could be taken to do so.

Differences Between Football and Baseball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Differences Between Football and Baseball - Essay Example Baseball was most popular in the 1950s and the period prior. The Yankees were always the best during baseball leagues (Rogers, 2012). They always won the first position. The Cleveland Indians took the second place and the Chicago White Sox mostly took the third place. Baseball, however, evolved in the ‘60s as pressure was mounted to incorporate people from other cultures (Lowenfish, 2008). There was also pressure to expand the baseball leagues from the usual eight that often played to ten teams. The teams were to increase later to twelve. Some major groups also relocate from the Northeast to the West Coast. The baseball league management also introduced a watering down of scores and points. It was successful as now teams could score more easily, but it destroyed the credentials that baseball had and lost more fans. Baseball was more like an American game watched and celebrated in America while football is a global game (Rogers, 2012). All countries have a team, and the team represents the country. The best teams are the ones that play in the final leagues. The positions are awarded on a merit basis. The best football teams globally can run their football clubs more like companies. Therefore, teams like Manchester United, Arsenal, Manchester City, Chelsea, among a few others are run like businesses and have their shares even listed on the stock exchange. The fact that investors can chip into these companies makes them be able to ‘buy’ the best players from other small teams. The small teams agree to it because they get cash in exchange that they use to try to improve their team or for costs. Football is popular because it is an international game, more of a competition and the best team wins. As teams try to fight for the championship, the game becomes more attractive, and people are lured into following it. There is also the aspect that there is always a big chunk of money to be paid to the team that

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Strategic Management - Essay Example A combination of competitive advantage and the various activities in Porter’s value chain enables the firm to attain an above average performance in the market. Cost leadership involves offering the goods and services to the consumers at a lower price as compared to the competition. The major goal of cost leadership is to provide consumers with the product at low prices and specific quality level. This approach ensures that, and the firm’s products are availed to the consumers at a price which is lower than that of the competition. Cost leadership is effective in the basic commodity industry such as pulp, tissue paper, food color and other basic products. Differentiation, on the other hand, emphasizes on quality which is the opposite of cost leadership. Differentiation aims at providing quality products to consumers at appropriate prices hence increasing the profits. Cost leadership and differentiation strategies can be achieved by organizing the five activities of Porter’s value chain model effectively. The two main ways in which cost leadership can be achieved through Porter’s value chain model include, the firm may choose to lower the cost of the various activities in Porter’s value chain model or reconfigure the activities in the model to minimize cost. An analysis of the cost of the various value chain activities is done by allocating cost to each of the activities in Porter’s Value Chain. The lowest cost obtained on each of the value chain used in the production process ensuring low-product cost. Cost advantage can also be achieved by reconfiguring the activities in Porter’s Value Chain model. This involves implementing structural changes such as the production process, new procurement and distribution process and adopting a new sales approach. The process of reconfiguring the value chain model activities is done to ensure low cost of production, marketing, distribution and purchasing from the

Planned Parenthood and Teen Awareness Group (TGA) Essay Example for Free

Planned Parenthood and Teen Awareness Group (TGA) Essay The Teen Awareness Group or TGA is an educational program that is sponsored by Planned Parenthood in East Central Illinois. The aim of TGA is to mobilize specific age groups within the community to teach the younger population about teen pregnancy and other related issues. The ultimate mission or goal of the TGA is focused on a specific group of people, the youth, as a means to compartmentalize the services provided by Planned Parenthood and in the same way direct attention to vulnerable populations and ensure that specific needs or concerned posed by them are addressed. Another objective and motivation being utilized by Planned Parenthood is the consequences of being unguided throughout a young individual’s life. The organization recognizes through its educational program that undesirable results, such as unwanted teen pregnancy, etc. , are results of uninformed decision-making and an unguided life. Through education, TGA aims to teach the youth to become more responsible and aware. The program does not only benefit the youth in terms of being educated and guided. It also empowers them to become socially conscious of their responsibilities in terms of helping other people within the same age group to face challenges by becoming part time workers for the organization. Peer educators will be trained to be competent enough for the job requirements, and they should also be able to attend set meetings as required. Individuals who are eligible to join the cause should be between fourteen to eighteen years of age. The schools they are attending should be within the Bloomington-Normal and Champaign areas only. Aside from peer educators, individuals who will be joining the program will also be able to communicate with adults who are more experienced in the area. Planned Parenthood operates for TGA by coordinating with schools within the areas mentioned. Peer educators and individuals who want to join the program are asked to communicate with representatives working in their schools to be informed of how to join the cause whether as the subject or the educator. The resources for the programs that are lined up for the TGA are funded by the Illinois Department of Human Services Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program and the Cunningham Township/Urbana City Social Services Funds. Each institutions plays a major role in the production of resources that completes and realizes the purpose of Planned Parenthood through its educational problem facilitated by the TGA.

Gay Marriage Essay -- Homosexuality, argumentative, persuasive

Marriage is the legal or religious ceremony that formalizes the decision of two people to live as a married couple. Marriage should not be based on what others think. When people get married in a heterosexual union, they do it for their own happiness, not for the happiness of others. Gay marriage is the same way. Homosexuality has always been around and will continue to exist. Why should homosexuals be denied the rights of heterosexuals? No one has the right to say that homosexuals can not marry. That is discriminating against another group of individuals who want equality. Gay marriage should be accepted; people were made with the capacity to love, no one should try to change that, not the Bible, the Constitution, or anyone. Marriage is stated many times in the Bible. But the Bible and the Amendments can be interpreted many ways. Marriage is a religious ceremony, â€Å"But I cannot imagine even the most fervent Christian obeying all of God’s laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bond) Nobody is perfect, but our flaws make who we are. If we don’t always follow a few rules here and there it is okay because we are only human. Most parents teach their children to be different and don’t let others influence them. The same thing should go for gays. The people that are trying to change them are not going to succeed. Gays were made fore a certain reason, but our country has to figure that out first in order accept them. In the Bible, Jesus blesses the children and sends the young rich men away†¦ Jesus said, ‘Truly I tell you, there is no one who left house, brothers, sisters, mother, father, children, or fields for my sake and for the sake of the good news, who will not receive a hundredfold now i n this age --- houses brothers, sisters, mothers, children and fields with... ..., it will come. Works Cited DeMarco, Donald. "Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Allowed." The Family. Ed. Auriana Ojeda. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2014. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. Bond, Julian. "Opposing Same-Sex Marriage Discriminates Against Gays." Discrimination. Ed. Jacqueline Langwith. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. Dykstra, Laurel. "Not All Queers Want to Marry." Homosexuality. Ed. Paul Connors. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Current Controversies. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. Mercer, Ilana. "Gay Couples Have Equal Rights." 2014. Rpt. in Does Equality Exist in America? Ed. Stuart A. Kallen. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2014. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.

A person’s mind is a very simple venue for many interesting cognitive

A person’s mind is a very simple venue for many interesting cognitive phenomena, unusual ways of thinking and mental mistakes, no matter how trivial or significant, which are usually unconsciously committed by a person even in the most mundane of mental tasks.This paper shall focus on number of interesting cognitive phenomena and mental lapses or mistakes which are chronologically presented based on what the writer perceives as the most important and common.FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR Fundamental attribution error is a very common human tendency when a person is placed in a social situation. It occurs when a person attributes someone’s behavior or reaction to a situation as having been caused by the person’s disposition or personality rather than by the situation at hand.According to Lee Ross, a professor of social psychology at Stanford University, a fundamental error forms the conceptual bedrock for the field of social psychology. He coined this term based on the classic experiment conducted by Jones and Harris.In the said experiment, subjects where placed in a situation where they were made to listen to pro- and anti- Castro speeches.They were initially made to believe that the persons who gave the speeches were freely given a choice as to what stand to make (i.e., pro- or anti-), the subjects naturally rated the persons who gave the pro- speeches as having a positive attitude towards Castro, and people who gave anti- speeches as having a negative attitude towards Castro. Before the experiment, Jones and Harris hypothesized that behaviors resulting from freely given choice shall be attributed by the subjects to disposition, while actions or behaviors resulting from chance to situation.However, this hypothesis was proven wrong when as part of the experiment, the subjects were told that the person’s choice of position (pro- or anti-Castro) was determined by a coin toss. It turned out that the subjects were still of opinion that pe rsons who gave pro- speeches were still, on average, in favor of Castro than those who spoke against him.Therefore, the subjects were unable to see the speakers as merely persons who were tasked to perform by virtue of chance or circumstance. They could not refrain from attributing the speaker’s actions or behaviors to situation rather than to disposition (Fundamental Attribution Error, 2007).

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Alice Essay

At the beginning of the story Alice starts off being pressured into marring a man she doesn’t even love. Her sister tells her to go get married and live just happily ever after like her but her husband is cheating on her. I think Alice’s call was when she kept spotting the white rabbit in the bushes and began to follow him in the middle of getting purposed to. Also after she fell down the hole the rabbit was trying to explain to her who she is and how she’s supposed to be the champion for wonderland. Stage 2: Refusal of Call Alice starts to refuse when she begins telling them that she is not the right Alice their looking for. I didn’t think she would still be refusing even after they showed her the scroll of what happened. I kind of thought she was just saying no because she was afraid of what was ahead of her if she took on the challenge of becoming the champion. Throughout the beginning and middle of the movie she Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature was trying to convince everyone that this was her dream and everything would be ok when she woke up. Stage 4: Crossing the first Threshold I thought during the whole story I think she crossed more than one threshold. The first one was when she fell down the hole and entered wonderland because the trees by the two holes were both twisted and looked very similar. Her coming out of the hole to Wonderland to me was like the crossing in a new unknown land. Another threshold was when she made it up in her mind that she was the hero and started believing in wonderland and the impossible. Stage 5: Belly of the Whale The belly of the whale is when a character is fully enclosed in the new world or adventure. I think she entered the belly of the whale when she began to accept the fact that it wasn’t a dream and wonderland is a real place. I think that Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature the only way she was going to get out and go back to the real world was to complete her quest and slay the jabberwocky. Stage 6: Road of Trials Alice had lots of trials during her journey such as when the dog/polar bear thing started to chase her and cut her arm. At the tea party when the red queen’s knight, soldiers, and bloodhound came looking for Alice I felt it was a trial because if they were to have caught her she wouldn’t have been able to complete her goal. The road of trials is a very important stage because I think they help the character get ready for what they are about to embark on. Stage 11: The Ultimate Boon The ultimate boon to me was when she cut the head off of the jabberwocky. This was really important because the whole fate of wonderland was in her hands. I think the white queen was depending on her the most because she really wanted the crown and for the red queen to stop torturing Wonderland. Stage 15: Crossing the Return Threshold At the end of the story I saw two returning thresholds the first one when she climbed out of the hole and when she started standing up to everyone at the party back home. When she was climbing out of the hole she was crossing back over to the real world and her normal life. She started telling everyone the truth and saying what she really felt even things that sounded impossible. Stage 17: Freedom to Live I thought this happened for Alice at the very end of the movie because that’s when she really decided to live her own life and do what she wanted. Such as she told the man she wasn’t going to marry him she was going to find someone she loves. Alice starts talking to the man about his business and how he should move it china. Her falling down the hole to me was on purpose to get her to really follow her own bliss not everyone else’s.

The Rise of Dell Computers essays

The Rise of Dell Computers essays In 1984, at the age of 19, Michael Dell founded Dell Computer with a simple vision and business concept that personal computers could be built to order and sold directly to customers. Michael Dell believed his approach to PC manufacturing had two advantages: (1) bypassing distributors and retail dealers eliminated the markups of resellers, and (2) building to order greatly reduced the costs and risks associated with carrying large stocks of parts, components, and finished goods. While Dell Computer sometimes struggled during its early years in trying to refine its strategy, build an adequate infrastructure, and establish market credibility against better-known rivals, its build-to-order and sell-direct approach proved appealing to growing numbers of customers in the mid-1990s as global PC sales rose to record levels. And, just as important, the strategy gave the company a substantial cost and profit margin advantage over rivals that manufactured PCs in volume and kept their distribu tors and retailers stocked with ample inventories. Going into 1998, Dell Computer had a 12 percent share of the PC market in the United States, trailing only Compaq Computer and IBM, which held first and second place in the market, respectively. Worldwide, Dell Computer had nearly a 6 percent market share. The company was gaining market share quickly in all of the world's markets. The company's fastest growing market for the past several quarters was Europe. Even though Asia's economic woes in the first quarter of 1998 resulted in a slight decline in Asian sales of PCs, Dell's sales in Asia rose 35 percent. Dell's sales at its Internet Web site was averaging $5 million a day and was expected to reach $1.5 billion annually by year-end 1998. Since 1990, the company's stock price had exploded from a split-adjusted price of 23 cents per share to $83 per share in May 1998. Dell Computer was the top-performing big company stock so far during...

barrier erosion essays

barrier erosion essays The Erosion of Long Island's Barrier Beaches The barrier beaches, which line the south shore of Long Island are in a constant state of change due to factor's such as wind, tides and wave action. "The term 'barrier' identifies one that protects other features, such as lagoons, salt marshes, and bays from direct attack from the open ocean" (Leatherman 1). The pebbles and sand of which these beaches are made constantly lifted and deposited in other areas. Currents created by tides and waves carry sediment and deposit it on beaches and in shallow water areas along the shoreline. In this paper I will discuss wave activity, the most prevalent factor of beach erosion. In addition, I will examine the roll of sand dunes and other ways of preventing erosion. The problem which many Long Island beaches face today is the element of erosion. More sediment is carried away from the shoreline than is deposited. These elements of nature make the barrier beaches very unstable features of Long Island's south shore. Wave action, tides, and winds constantly change beaches and shorelines, and are the cause of the many devastating effects of erosion. The barrier beach which I have chosen to focus my research on is TOBAY beach, a beach located just east of Jones Beach. Like TOBAY, barrier beaches are usually the result of a sandbar which is built up and develops as an islands. They are continuously gaining and losing sand, and slowly move landward. This is known as barrier island migration. "Sand from the ocean side of the barrier is transported by water and wind toward the backside of the island so that the whole landform gradually changes its location" (Leatherman 47). The constant movement of sediment from the front of the beach to the back is known as rollover. IF the barrier beaches did not move, they would eventually be covered by water. In a way, barrier island migration acts against the effects of erosion. (McCormick 23) Wav...

Word Choice Inalienable vs. Unalienable (An Independence Day Special)

Word Choice Inalienable vs. Unalienable (An Independence Day Special) Word Choice: Inalienable vs. Unalienable (An Independence Day Special) Happy Independence Day! To celebrate, we’re looking at a controversy related to the founding of the United States: the word â€Å"unalienable,† which appears in the Declaration of Independence. This isn’t a spelling we really use anymore, though, with â€Å"inalienable† much more common. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. So what is the difference between these terms? Why does the Declaration of Independence use â€Å"unalienable†? And when should you use each spelling? The Meaning of Inalienable and Unalienable First, let’s look at the difference in meaning between these words There isn’t one. Nada. Zilch. No difference at all. â€Å"Inalienable† and â€Å"unalienable† both mean â€Å"can’t be taken away.† So whether we speak of â€Å"inalienable rights† or â€Å"unalienable rights,† we mean rights that can’t be denied. In practice, then, the only difference is that â€Å"inalienable† is now much more common. Different Drafts, Different Spellings So, why does the Declaration of Independence use â€Å"unalienable†? Spelling variants were common at the time, and â€Å"unalienable† was the most common version of this term at the time. It also enjoyed a spike in popularity after the Declaration of Independence was signed. But since the mid-nineteenth century, â€Å"inalienable† has been the standard spelling. Unalienable vs. Inalienable Oddly, though, this controversy could have been avoided. This is because the spelling â€Å"inalienable† appears in other drafts of the Declaration of Independence, including Thomas Jefferson’s original draft. It was only when John Adams made a copy in his own handwriting that â€Å"unalienable† first appeared. And it was used in the final version, kick-starting a spelling debate that survives to the current day. A Tale of Two Prefixes: Un- vs. In- Why, then, has â€Å"inalienable† won out? In terms of meaning, the prefixes un- and in- are both negations. As such, they go before a word to cancel it out or suggest its opposite. The opposite of â€Å"happy,† for example, is â€Å"unhappy.† And the opposite of â€Å"elegant† is â€Å"inelegant.† The same is true with unalienable and inalienable. But the word â€Å"alien† comes to us from Latin. And while the prefix in- also has Latin roots, un- comes from German. Nineteenth-century linguists therefore decided than in- was the better prefix for â€Å"alienable.† And since then it has stuck. Or it has in most circumstances. Even these days, when people are writing about the Declaration of Independence, many prefer the spelling â€Å"unalienable.† So this mixture of a German prefix and a Latin word stem has a place in American English even today. Summary: Inalienable or Unalienable? As set out above, both of these words mean â€Å"can’t be taken away.† However, each spelling has its own place in modern English: Inalienable is the standard spelling of this term in most contexts. Unalienable is a rare variant of â€Å"inalienable,† but you can use it when quoting from or discussing the Declaration of Independence. Hopefully, this has settled some of your Independence Day spelling questions. But if you need any more help with your writing, feel free to send us a document for proofreading today.

I chose hospice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I chose hospice - Essay Example In some circumstances it may appear like declaring a death sentence to a patient yet the patient and the family members have a right to know the disease prognosis (Zieske & Abbott, 2011). There are ethical dilemmas that affect me in my daily activities; for example, I will be concerned and may not administer morphine to a patient who always complains of pain because of the possible respiratory depression. This can lead to respiratory collapse and death, but the dilemma I will be facing is, if I should leave the patient to writhe in pain and agony. Another ethical dilemma I face in practice is, when a patient refuses to get parenteral nutritional support what should I do? It is by law that a nurse should respect patient rights while providing care, but it will be unethical to avoid giving the patient food, which helps in body function and healing (McMahon, 2011). To overcome some of the ethical dilemmas, I usually endeavour to be well equipped with the necessary knowledge regarding the legal impacts of my actions. This provides guidance in my practice without subjecting myself into legal jeopardy. In addition I utilise moral reasoning and development in the current milieu in solving the complex ethical issues that the I face in my daily activities as hospice providers (Williams, Shuster, Clay, & Burgio, 2010). Understanding the jurisprudence surrounding the legal and ethical dilemmas as described by Guido (2013) is thus paramount in averting the issues during my daily practice. Williams, C. J., Shuster, J. L., Clay, O. J., & Burgio, K. L. (2010). Interest in research participation among hospice patients, caregivers, and ambulatory senior citizens: practical barriers or ethical constraints? Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9,

Does the MMR vaccine cause an increase on the incidence of Autism Research Paper

Does the MMR vaccine cause an increase on the incidence of Autism - Research Paper Example Would these statistical record of claims are considered apparent proof that MMR vaccine really cause an increase in the incidence of autism? Thorough analysis on the statistical report will reveal the possible reasons of the alarming increase on rates of autism cases. In this discussion, how the controversy started will also be highlighted. The government faced the challenging controversy and seemingly performed its tasks in tackling the issues and the problems of claim brought about by the controversial issue of linking autism case increase to administering of MMR vaccinations. Yet, even there is no scientific research that proved true of the relation of MMR vaccines to rising number of autism cases claims, we cannot ignore the fact that there are victims of morbid complications of maybe improper administration of some vaccines. Indeed, the government is working at its best in dealing the problems. Does the MMR Vaccine Cause an Increase on the Incidence of Autism? Vaccinations, whic h cause the immune system to produce antibodies against diseases that a person has never had before, have been considered as important measures in saving lives especially infant lives. Through vaccinations, children acquire immunity from some diseases. In most part of the world where childhood shots are readily available, routine immunizations have believed to be an influential factor in dramatic declines in the incidence of targeted childhood diseases. Thus, in many places around the world, routine series of immunizations is somehow mandatory, though the number of boosters required may vary. In fact, for most Americans today, administering vaccines have been a routine part of their healthcare. â€Å"According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), children younger than two years old need to be vaccinated at least once against a series of diseases,† wherein the recommended common vaccinations include hepatitis A and B, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, chicken pox, whooping cough or pertussis, diphtheria, bacterial meningitis, influenza, pneumococcal disease and rotavirus (Bocco, 2010). Actually, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), in general agreement with similar agencies around the world, are recommending combination vaccines, such as MMR (for measles, mumps, and rubella), given in one shot, to help reduce the number of shots a child receives (â€Å"Your Child’s Immunizations†, n.d., para.7). However, recently, questions have arisen regarding commonly accepted practices of immunization especially to children due to some reported allegations of morbid complications of vaccinations. Such assertion particularly relating MMR vaccinations as a contributing factor to increased incidence of autism. How the Alleged Controversy Started The controversial issue of increasing rates of autism to children linking to side effects of MMR vaccinations was possibly heightened by the hypothetical studies presented by Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues. According to AAP (2009), â€Å"those who claim that MMR causes autism often cite two papers by Andrew Wakefield and colleagues†, hence, their Immunization section summarized and noted these two articles presented (para.1) The first article was published in 1998, in the Lancet medical journal, entitled "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children." This hypothetical stud

The Industrial Revolution from 1820 to 1870 Essay

The Industrial Revolution from 1820 to 1870 - Essay Example Whereas the first revolution played a role in the invention, development and implementation of spinning and weaving machines for the textile industry, which use water power until the introduction of steam power, it was the second revolution that really changed American economy and society into a modern industrialized state. The process had begun in the 19th century. Growth in the 19th century was fuelled by many factors: plentiful resources, innovative technology, cheap and efficient energy, swift transportation and labor and capital which were readily available (Wikipedia 2007). In the west, forests, mines and cattle supplied the raw materials for key industries. The rapid expansion of railroads allowed businesses to transport raw materials to and from factories and move products to the cities where the bigger markets lay. Around this time too, a continual flow of European and Asian immigrants arrived in America to seek work. Many found work in the factories and mines. Advancements in technology shaped and improved production with the invention of the assembly line in a number of industries. This along with new machine tool industries which produced cutting, drilling and milling machineries, hastened manufacturing and production. A series of breakthrough inventions and discoveries such as the phonograph, electric light, telephone, typewriter, automobile and others opened up new industries. Businesses changed with the times and the corporate heads discovered how to conduct business and broaden their economic activities to encompass wider geographic territories and eventually global ones. This permitted businesses to expand and today's mega corporations are founded on business organization with their own theories and practices. From 1870 to 1900 the United States became the most industrialized nation in the world. In numerous sectors such as steel and timber production, mining of coal, iron, silver and gold, meatpacking and other industries, the US emerged as a leader. In general, the nation saw a huge upsurge in the pace and scale of industrialization which had altered businesses, commerce, the environment, job opportunities and daily life. With the development of industries around major cities, people moved from farms and the countryside to the cities for work. But agriculture was not neglected as advancements were made with agricultural machines. The established political and legal systems which the US had inherited from the British model, encouraged entrepreneurship and rewarded innovation and initiative. The nation was socially more mobile than any other, and receptive to change. Three important developments in the mid 1850s spurred the Second Industrial revolution in America. One, was the transportation system was developed and expanded. Two, electrification was successful exploited and put to use. Three, major progress was made to the industrial system such as improving the refining process and hastening production. The government passed a protective tariff to protect American manufacturers. There was a great demand in the railways, not only for transportation of goods but also to make it more durable. This led to development and production of cheap mass produced steel which during the time saw its use in many aspect of industrial activity. After steel, the industrialization took on to include chemical and electrical industries, petroleum refining and distribution and eventually